Establishing a thesis statement. Writing a Draft. Writing the beginning and ending. Editing for grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Proofreading the final copy. Understanding the principals of design. Understanding the elements of argument. Preparing and practicing.
Using visuals. Relating all sentences to the controlling idea. Using the strategy implied in your topic sentence to develop your paragraph. Arranging sentences in the most effective order. Using transitions to link paragraphs. Beginnings and endings.
Use parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so. Use parallel constructions in comparisons with than or as. Place modifiers where they will be most effective. Connect a dangling modifier to the main part of the sentence. Use pronouns that are consistent in person and number. Avoid unnecessary shifts from direct to indirect quotation. Keep tone and style consistent. Avoid mixed or illogical constructions.
Use subordination to group short, choppy sentences into larger units of thought. Use coordination to put ideas of equal importance in grammatical structures of equal weight. Achieve emphasis by placing the most important words and phrases at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Place ideas that occur in a series in a logical and climactic order. Use the active rather than the passive voice. Occasionally use a short, dramatic sentence. Achieve emphasis by using periodic sentences. Achieve emphasis by using balanced constructions. Reduce inflated expressions to their core meanings. Choose words that accurately denote what you want to say. Choose words whose connotations suit your purpose. Parts of Speech. Parts of Sentences. Types of Sentences.
To choose the correct verb form, identify the subject of the sentence. Use a plural verb with most compound subjects joined by and. With subjects joined by or or nor , make the verb agree with the subject that is closest to it.
Treat most collective nouns as singular. The relative pronouns who , which , and that take verbs that agree with their antecedents. Treat most indefinite pronouns as singular. Make the verb agree with the subject even when the subject comes after the verb.
Make a verb agree with its subject, not with a subject complement. Use a singular verb with most singular nouns ending in — s. When the title of a work is the subject of a sentence, use a singular verb. When a word used as a word is the subject, use a singular verb. Use the principal parts of irregular verbs correctly.
Use lay and lie and set and sit correctly. Use the correct verb tense to convey your meaning. Use sequences of tense forms that are logically related. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number, and person. Use pronouns in the correct case. Use who or whom according to how the word functions in its own clause.
Use adverbs, not adjectives, to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Use an adjective, not an adverb, as a subject complement. Use the demonstrative adjective that agrees with the noun it modifies. Use the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs correctly. Join a phrase fragment to an existing sentence, or rewrite it as a sentence. Join a subordinate clause fragment to an existing sentence, or rewrite it as a sentence. Make an appositive fragment part of a sentence.
Keep a compound predicate within a single sentence. Use sentence fragments intentionally to add emphasis and to write realistic dialog. Separate clauses into two sentences with a period. Connect clauses with a semicolon. Connect clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
Restructure the sentence by subordinating one of the clauses. The slash. Choosing a topic and research question. Determining what you already know about your topic. Learning to use keyword searches. Using reference books. Using interviews and questionnaires. Previewing your print and online sources. Evaluating your print and online sources. Taking complete and accurate notes without plagiarizing.
Writing the research paper. Avoiding plagiarism. Integrating quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and visuals into your text. Revising and formatting a research paper. Writing in the Disciplines. Overview of writing in the disciplines. Reading and writing about literature.
Writing assignments for literature. Reading and analyzing a literary text. Library and Web resources for literary study. Observing the conventions of writing about literature. Documentation and format. Annotated student essay about literature. Writing in the humanities. Literary and Web resources for the humanities. Writing in the social sciences. Writing assignments. Methodology and evidence. Library and Web resources for the social sciences.
Writing in the natural and applied sciences. Library and Web resources for the sciences. MLA-Style documentation. MLA manuscript format. APA-style documentation. APA manuscript format. CMS documentation.
CMS note and bibliography models. CMS manuscript format. CSE documentation. Verbs followed by an infinitive or a gerund. Quantifiers for noncount and count nouns. Indefinite article a or an. Unnecessary words in prepositional phrases. Remember that infinitives cannot be used as the objects of prepositions.
Learn some common compound prepositions. Expletives there, here, it. Questions with who , whom , and what. Confusing Words and Phrases. Pearson offers affordable and accessible purchase options to meet the needs of your students. Connect with us to learn more. We're sorry!
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Writer's Brief Handbook, The, 7th Edition. Eschholz, University of Vermont. If You're an Educator Download instructor resources Additional order info. More student and professional examples than any other brief handbook. More paragraph examples in a unique, comprehensive section on writing effective paragraphs. More extensive coverage of plagiarism during both the research and note-taking stage, and the writing stage. More tabbed dividers than any other brief handbook—fifteen, allowing students quick and easy access to all topics.
More help for students in bulleted lists of Learning Objectives for every tabbed section. More documentation guidance through unique self-contained chapters on MLA, APA, and CMS papers including the latest documentation and format guidelines and annotated student papers. New to This Edition. Updated documentation chapters reflect the latest MLA and APA documentation and manuscript format guidelines, based on the significantly revised style and documentation manuals published by both these professional associations in , provide students with the most current guidelines.
New graphics, like the ones providing a visual metaphor for the writing process in the opening section of the handbook, make difficult ideas and concepts clearer and more accessible. Table of Contents The Writing Process 1. Planning a. Analyzing the writing task b. Choosing a subject c. Focusing on a topic d. Generating ideas and collecting information e.
Determining your purpose for writing f. Establishing a thesis statement g. Analyzing your audience h. Making an outline 2. Writing a Draft a. Choosing a good title b. Writing the body of your composition c. Writing the beginning and ending 3.
Revising a. Revising the largest elements first b. Revising your sentences and diction c. Conducting peer conferences 4. Editing a. Editing for grammar, punctuation, and mechanics b.
Preparing the final copy c. Proofreading the final copy 5. Designing a document a. Understanding the principals of design b. Understanding the elements of design c. Using visuals d.
Academic writing 2. Study skills a. Time management b. Note-taking in class c. Reading effectively d. Essay examinations 3. Critical thinking and active reading 4. Writing arguments a. Understanding the elements of argument b. Making appropriate appeals c. Considering your audience d. Online writing a. E-communications b. Composing online 6. Oral presentations a. Outlining b. Preparing and practicing c. Using visuals 7. Public writing a.
Business letters b. Resumes c. Memos d. Letters to the editor III. Paragraphs 1. Unity a. Writing a topic sentence b. Relating all sentences to the controlling idea 2.
Development a. Developing paragraphs fully b. Using the strategy implied in your topic sentence to develop your paragraph 3. Coherence a. Arranging sentences in the most effective order b. Using transitional words and phrases c. Repeating key words and phrases d.
Using parallel structure e. Using transitions to link paragraphs 4. Parallelism a. Use parallel constructions with coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so b. Use parallel constructions in comparisons with than or as 2. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers a. Place modifiers where they will be most effective b.
Connect a dangling modifier to the main part of the sentence 3. Shifts a. Use pronouns that are consistent in person and number b. Maintain the same verb tense c.
Maintain the same mood d. Keep subject and voice consistent e. Avoid unnecessary shifts from direct to indirect quotation f. Keep tone and style consistent g.
Maintain the same point of view 4. Unified and Logical Sentences a. Use only relevant details b. Avoid mixed or illogical constructions 5. Subordination and Coordination a. Use subordination to group short, choppy sentences into larger units of thought b. Do not subordinate excessively c. Use coordination to put ideas of equal importance in grammatical structures of equal weight 6.
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