Eight bits have combinations 9 of ones and zeros. So it is possible to build up a digital stream of numbers 10 that represent any value. With 12 digital technology more data can be transmitted over the same physical 13 links. These links can be cables, fibre optics, satellite or TV transmission.
They are more accurate, with more data being transferred in shorter 16 times. There are many important advantages of using digital technology 17 in television and video.
It allows audio and video recording with none 18 of the electronic noise or distortion found using tape analogue systems. Pictures and sound recorded as digital data can be 21 manipu-lated for an extraordinary variety of video effects, from wipes and 22 dissolves to computer-generated animation CGA found in films such 23 as The Lord of the Rings.
Digital technology is now standard through- 24 out television production, from recording through postproduction to final 25 transmission. A prism inside the lens barrel splits incoming 35 light into the primary colours, red, green and blue RGB.
Each colour 36 goes to a different CCD. This gives superb colour reproduction and image 37 quality. Cheaper cameras have just one CCD. This is fine for domestic 38 camcorders, but does not give a high enough resolution for broadcast TV. Pixels vary in quality and 2 capability. It is not always true that the more pixels in a digital camera 3 or camcorder, the better the picture resolution.
The sound is usually encoded into bit PCM pulse code modu- 9 lation and sampled at 44, Hz. This is the configuration most commonly 10 used for compact discs. Hertz, or cycles per second, is a measurement of 11 the frequency, or pitch, of sound waves. Orchestras tune to the note A, 12 which has a frequency of Hz.
The physical sound waves produced, 13 by the voice of a TV presenter for example, are picked up by a micro- phone. The sound is sampled by using PAM pulse amplitude modula- 15 tion. This means the amplitude of the waveform is measured many 16 thousands of times a second to produce a digital value that can be stored 17 on tape, CD or DVD.
A typical bit sample will have 65, levels of 18 clarity. This can be read and reconfigured as electrical waves that can be 19 heard through a loudspeaker. Digital 22 data are measured as electrical pulses, either on or off. Therefore, the 25 26 copy of a master recording will be a precise clone of the original recording. This is an 28 extremely fast process that does not need to be done in real time, as making 29 analogue copies does, and uses less space.
Using high-end microphones 30 and recording equipment — such as a Nagra digital recorder — the recorded 31 sound has impressive clarity and fidelity to the original. There is no elec- 32 trical noise or hum, and the equipment can be light in weight.
Even using 33 inexpensive kit, digital recording offers clarity, portability and easy transfer 34 of data to formats such as MP3 or minidisc. Similarly a television camera converts the colour and brightness information of the moving image into electrical signals that can be trans- mitted to TV receivers at home, or recorded in a digital domain on tape, disc or computer. These television signals are converted into frames of data, and projected at a rate fast enough so that the human eye perceives continuous motion.
Each separate frame is drawn line by line, from top to bottom. Using a typical European 50 hertz alter- nating current, it draws 50 lines per second, but it takes two passes to draw a complete frame.
The frame rate is therefore 25 frames per second fps. This system uses lines and runs at 30 fps, and was developed from the electric current used in the US, which alternates at 60 hertz.
The widescreen world of digital technology 25 These are all analogue systems. Sky TV already transmits only in digital format. An 12 analogue to digital converter ADC will convert analogue signals into 13 binary data.
As in digital sound recording the process is achieved by sampling. This is also known as video capture. To view digital video on 15 a traditional television set, the process has to be reversed. A digital to 16 analogue converter DAC is required to decode the binary data back into 17 an analogue signal that a domestic TV can understand.
Digital data are 18 more stable and use a much smaller transmission bandwidth than analogue. This provides a forum for suppliers to agree specifications, which 25 then go to existing standards-making bodies for ratification.
A decision 26 was made to use the computer digital standard MPEG There are other benefits such as error correc- 29 tion that eliminates snow and ghosting. The video carried by digital TV 30 is compressed, and is transmitted digitally in accordance with one of a 31 number of DVB specified modulation standards. The advantage of 36 digital transmission is that it can make use of unused spectrum otherwise 37 unsuitable for TV.
The viewer can select the point of view by chang- ing to a different feed within the channel. Films or other programmes can be broadcast at several times during a day, offering the viewer a choice of time to view. Already, interactive TV services are proving very popular. The viewer can select a different ending to a movie, or select an answer to a question during a distance learning programme with the choice resulting in positive feedback, or a further explanation of the topic.
Different camera positions can be selected during sports broadcasts, or different activities at a multisport event such as the Olympics. Television today is poised at the threshold of significant changes in technology, organisation and viewing experience.
Further reading Bignell, J. Branston, G. Brunsdon, C. Geraghty and D. Burton, G. Caughie, J. Corner, J. Creeber, G. Fiske, J. Geraghty, C. Goodwin, A. Whannel eds , Understanding Television London: Routledge, Mackay, H. The widescreen world of digital technology 27 McQueen, D. Backed by 50 years of combined broadcast journalism experience, the authors provide helpful discussions on crafting language and becoming an effective storyteller.
Originally available only to Associated Press members, this is the definitive guide to writing and delivering the news on radio, television, and other broadcast media. While the focus throughout is on the art of finding, researching, writing, editing, producing, and delivering authoritative, accurate, and exciting news stories, it also provides a wealth of information on key technical aspects involved, such as how to handle a microphone and how many tape recorders to carry in the field.
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